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ROA
ROADES or ROADS --- (see RHODES)
ROANE
ROANNOIS
ROARCH or ROACH or ROARK
ROAZHON
ROBARTES
ROBBERTS
ROBBINS
ROBBYNSDOCHTER
ROBEL --- (see ROEBEL)
ROBERSART
ROBERTET
ROBERTI
ROBERTIAN or ROBERTIEN
ROBERTS
ROBERTSON
RobertWESTON
ROBESSART
ROBEY
ROBIESON
ROBILLARD
ROBIN
ROBINS
ROBINSON
ROBISON
ROBOAN
ROBSART
ROBSON
ROBY
ROBYNS
ROCABERTI
ROCAFUL
ROCAS
ROCCA
ROCHA
ROCHDALE
ROCHE or ROCHE-AYMON or ROCHE-DERRIEN or ROCHE-DES-AUBIERS or ROCHE-DRONIOU or ROCHE-EN-MONTAGNE or ROCHE-EN-REGNIER or ROCHE-FERMOY or ROCHE-GUYON or ROCHE-KARITANIA-THEBAI or ROCHE-NOLAY or ROCHE-SERVIERE or ROCHE-SUR-OGNON or ROCHE-SUR-YON or ROCHE-TESSON
ROCHE-AYMON --- (see also ROCHE)
ROCHE-DERRIEN --- (see also ROCHE)
ROCHE-DES-AUBIERS --- (see also ROCHE)
ROCHE-DRONIOU --- (see also ROCHE)
ROCHE-EN-MONTAGNE --- (see also ROCHE)
ROCHE-EN-REGNIER or ROCHE-REGNIER or ROCHE-RENIER --- (see also ROCHE)
ROCHE-FERMOY --- (see also ROCHE)
ROCHE-GUYON or ROCHEGUYON --- (see also ROCHE)
ROCHE-KARITANIA-THEBAI --- (see also ROCHE)
ROCHE-NOLAY --- (see also ROCHE)
ROCHE-OIGNON --- (see ROCHE-SUR-OGNON)
ROCHE-REGNIER or ROCHE-RENIER --- (see ROCHE-EN-REGNIER)
ROCHE-SERVIERE --- (see also ROCHE)
ROCHE-SUR-OGNON or ROCHE-OIGNON or ROCHE-SUR-L' OGNON --- (see also ROCHE)
ROCHE-SUR-YON --- (see also ROCHE)
ROCHE-TESSON --- (see also ROCHE)
ROCHEAD
ROCHEBARON
ROCHECHOUART
ROCHEDRAGON
ROCHEFORD
ROCHEFORDE --- (see ROCKFORD)
ROCHEFORT
ROCHEFOUCAULD
ROCHEGUYON --- (see ROCHE-GUYON)
ROCHEID
ROCHEMUR
ROCHEPOSAY or ROCHEPOZAY
ROCHEPOT
ROCHES
ROCHESALVE
ROCHESTER
ROCHEVILLE
ROCHFORD or ROCHFORT --- (see ROCKFORD)
ROCHLITZ or ROCHILTZ or RUCHLITZ
ROCHOW
ROCK
ROCKE
ROCKELFINK
ROCKELL or ROCKELE or ROCKELLE or ROKELE or ROKELL
ROCKENFELLER --- (see ROCKEFELLER)
ROCKETT
ROCKFORD or ROCHEFORDE or ROCHFORD or ROCHFORT or ROCKFORDE
ROCKHAUSEN
ROCKHOLD
ROCKINGHAM
ROCKLEY
ROCKWELL
ROCKWOOD
ROCLIFFE --- (see ROCKLIFFE)
ROCQUEGHEM --- (see ROKEGHEM)
RODA
RODBORNE
RODBURGH or RODBOROUGH or RODBURG
RODBURN
RODDAM or RODDOUN
RODE
RODECK
RODEIRO
RODEL
RODELHEIM
RODEMACHERN or RODEMACK
RODEN or RODEN-LIMMER
RODENBERG
RODENBURGH
RODENDORF
RODENDORFF
RODENHAUSEN
RODENSTEIN
RODER
RODERIXA
RODERN
RODES --- (see RHODES)
RODEZ
RODGERS --- (see ROGERS)
RODISHAM
RODMAN
RODNEY
RODOVSKY
RODRIGUES
RODRIGUEZ or RODRIQUEZ
RODSTEEN
RODULF
RODY or RODYE
ROE
ROELANTS
ROELAS
ROELEN
ROELOFS or ROELOFFSE or ROELOFSE
ROELT or ROET or ROUET or RUET
ROERMOND
ROERO
ROESBERG
ROESBRUGGE
ROESDATTER
ROESKILDE
ROESSLER
ROESTORP
ROETELN
ROEUX or ROEULX
ROFF
ROGALAND
ROGATE
ROGER
ROGERSON
ROGERSTONE
ROGGE
ROGGENDORF --- (see ROGENDORF)
ROGGENHAUSEN
ROGGENSTEIN
ROGIER
ROGNA
ROGNALDSON
ROGNVALDSSON
ROGUS
ROGVOLODOVICH
ROHAN
ROHANT or ROHART or ROHAUT or ROUHAUT
ROHLE
ROHLITZ
ROHR
ROHRAU
ROHRBACH
ROHRBECK
ROHRDORF
ROHRENFURT
ROHRER
ROHWEDEL
ROIDE
ROILMAN
ROISIN
ROISNY
ROIZ
ROKEBY
ROKELE or ROKELL --- (see ROCKELL)
ROKES
ROKESLEY or ROKESBY
ROKEWOOD
ROKHAUSEN
ROKYC
ROLAND
ROLEIT
ROLESLEY
ROLF
ROLFE
ROLFSDATTER
ROLIM
ROLIN
ROLLAINCOURT
ROLLANCOURT
ROLLANS
ROLLE
ROLLEGEM
ROLLENCOURT
ROLLINGEN
ROLLISTON
ROLLOCK or ROLLO
ROLLOSON or ROLLOSSON
ROLPH
ROLSHAUSEN
ROLSTON
ROLT
ROLVOSSON
ROLVSSON
ROLY
ROMA
ROMAES
ROMAEZ
ROMAGNA
ROMAGNANO or ROMAGNE
ROMAN EMPERORS (chronological)
* We show "Emperors of Rome", whether they reigned in Rome, Ravenna, Constantinople, or elsewhere. We show some usurpers and rivals who may have claimed the title, whether successful or not. We attempt to show co-Emperors, junior Emperors, and Regents for Emperors, though doubtless some have been overlooked. In this list we do not attempt to detail conflicts; you must look elsewhere for such information. For example, when regnal dates overlap, the 2nd Emperor might be a rival to the 1st, or might be a relative who was promoted to serve as co- or junior Emperor with his father. * Regnal dates shown usually begin with the first appointment as junior or co-Emperor, if any. When there were multiple reigns by the same Emperor, only first and last dates are shown, with a '*' to denote interruption. Next to the regnal dates, a place or power may be mentioned; this is the realm or source of election. * We do not show the Dictator Julius Caesar, nor any rulers of Rome before Julius. We do not show Germanic rulers in Italy: they generally appointed Romans to be figure-head Emperors. We do not show Kings of Emesa who may have claimed the Imperial title. We do not show Turkish Emperors. Refer to the List of Central European Emperors for Emperors of the West beginning with Charlemagne in 800 A.D..
We do show the Latin Emperors of Constantinople established in the Fourth Crusade. We also show Emperors in Nicaea, Emperors in Trebizond, and Despots in Epirus, all of whom claimed the Imperial title. Except for the first three Emperors to claim the throne from exile, we do not show Emperors of the East after the Falls of Constantinople in 1453 and Trebizond in 1461.
Julio-Claudian dynasty [27 BC-14] Augustus Octavian [14-37] Tiberius [37-41] Caligula, son of Germanicus Claudius [41-54] Claudius [54-68] Nero, son of Julia `the Younger' Agrippina Civil War [68-69] Galba (Servius Sulpicus) [69] Otho (Marcus Salvius) [69] Vitellius Vespasian-Flavian dynasty [69-79] Vespasian [79-81] Titus [81-96] Domitian, son of Titus Nervan-Antonine dynasty (the `Good Emperors') [96-98] Nerva (Marcus Cocceius) [98-117] Trajan (Marcus Ulpius) [117-138] Hadrian, son of Publius Aelius Hadrianus Afer [138-161] Antoninus Pius [161-180] Marcus Aurelius [161-169] Lucius Verus [175,Egypt and Syria] Avidius Cassius, Usurper [177-192] Commodus (Marcus Aurelius) Year of the Five Emperors & Severan dynasty [193, Senate] Pertinax (Publius Helvius) [193, Praetorians] Didius Julianus [193-211] Septimius Severus [193-195, Syria] Pescennius Niger [194?-197, Britain] Clodius Albinus [198-217] Caracalla [209-211] Geta [217-218] Macrinus [217-218] Diadumenian [218-222] Elagabalus [222-235] Alexander Severus Crisis of the Third Century [235-238, Army] Maximinus Thrax [238, Africa] Gordian I [238] Gordian II, son of Gordian I [238, Senate] Pupienus [238, Senate] Balbinus [238-244] Gordian III [240] Sabinianus, Usurper [244-249] Philib the Arab, grandson of Narpus [248] Pacatianus, Usurper [248-249, East] Jotapianus, Usurper [ca 250] Silbannacus, Usurper [249-251] Decius [249-252, East] Priscus, Usurper [250, Rome] Licinianus, Usurper [251] Herennius Etruscus [251] Hostilian, son of Decius [251-253, army] Gallus [251-253] Volusianus [253, Army] Aemilian [253-260, Army] Valerian [253-268, Army] Gallienus [260, Army] Saloninus [260?] Ingenuus, Usurper [260] Regalianus, Usurper [260-261, East] Macrianus Major, Usurper [260-261] Macrianus Minor, son of Macrianus Major [260-261] Quietus, son of Macrianus Major [260-268, Gaul] Postumus, Usurper [261-262] Mussius Aemilianus, Usurper [268] Aureolus, Usurper [268-270, Army] Claudius Gothicus [268, Gaul] Laelianus, Usurper [269, Gaul] Marius, Usurper [269-271, Gaul] Victorinus, Usurper [270-271, Gaul] Domitianus II, Usurper [270] Quintillus, Usurper, son of Flavius Numerius [270-275, Army] Aurelian [271, Dalmatia] Septimius, Usurper [271-274, Gaul] Tetricus I [275-276, Senate] Tacitus [276, West] Florianus, brother of Tacitus [276-282, East] Probus [280] Julius Saturninus, Usurper [280, Lugdunum] Proculus, Usurper [280] Bonosus, Usurper [282-283, Praetorians] Carus [283-285] Carinus, son of Carus [283-284] Numerian, son of Carus Tetrarchy and Constantinian dynasty [284-305, Army] Diocletian [286-293, Britain] Carausius [286-310*, Army] Maximian [293-297, Britain] Allectus [305-306] Constantius Chlorus [305-311] Galerius [306-307] Severus [306-312, Praetorians] Maxentius, son of Maximian [307-337] Constantine I [309-311?, Africa] Domitius Alexander [308-324, Galerius] Licinius [311-313, Galerius] Maximinus Daia [316-317, East] Valerius Valens [324, East] Sextus Martinianus [337-340] Constantine II, son of Constantine I [337-361] Constantius II [337-350] Constans [350-353, Army] Magnentius, Usurper [350?] Vetranio [350?] Nepotianus [361-363] Julian, son of Flavius Julius Constantius [363-364, Army] Jovian Valentinian dynasty [364-375, Army] Valentinian I [365-378, East] Valens, son of Gratien `the Old' [365-366] Procopius, Usurper [367-383] Gratian [375-392] Valentinian II, son of Valentinian I Theodosian dynasty (Theodosius was the last Emperor to rule both West and East.) [379-395, West & East] Theodosius I [383-388, West, Army] Magnus Maximus, Usurper [383-408, East] Arcadius [386-388, West] Flavius Victor, son of Magnus Maximus [392-394, West] Eugenius, Usurper [393-423, West] Honorius [407-411, Britain] Constantine III, Usurper [408-450, East] Theodosius II [409-411, West] Constans II, son of Constantine III [409-415*, West] Priscus Attalus, Usurper [409-411, Spain] Maximus, Usurper [411-413, West] Jovinus, Usurper [412-413, Jovinus] Sebastianus [421, West] Constantius III [423-425, West] Joannes [425-455, West] Valentinian III [450-457, East] Marcian [455, West] Petronius Maximus [455-456, West] Avitus Ricimer was effective ruler in the West; he appointed and deposed the next four Emperors of the West.
In the East, the Leonid dynasty begins.[457-461, West] Majorian [457-474, East] Leo I [461-465, West] Libius Severus [467-472, West] Anthemius [472, West] Olybrius [473-474, West] Glycerius (appointed by Gundobad) [474, East] Leo II [474-480, West] Julius Nepos (appointed by Leo I) [474-491, East] Zeno [475-476, West] Romulus Augustus Romulus Augustus was the last Emperor of the West until Charlemagne. All of the following were Emperors of the East (though they controlled parts of Italy and continued to use "Emperor of Rome" as their title). [475-476] Basiliscus, son of Leo I's father-in-law [479] Marcian, attempted Usurper [484-488] Leontius, attempted Usurper [491-518] Anastasius I [491-492] Longinus, Rival, son of Rusumbladeotes of Isauria [512] Areobindus, refused to serve Justinian dynasty [518-527] Justin I, son of Flavius Justinus [518] Theocritus, rival [527-565] Justinian I [529, Samaria] Julianus ben Sabar [532] Hypatius, Rival, son of Secundinus [536-545, Africa] Stotzas [537, Mesopotamia] John Cottistis, Usurper [565-578] Justin II [578-582] Tiberius II Constantine [582-602] Maurice [602-610] Phocas Heraclian dynasty (Heraclius changed the official Imperial language from Latin to Greek.) [610-641] Heraclius [610-611] Comentiolus, brother of Phocas [617, Naples] John of Conza, Usurper [619] Eleutherius [635] John Athalarichos, son of Heraclius [641] Constantine III [641] Heraklonas [641-668] Constans II [642, Rome] Maurikios Chartoularios [644] Valentinus, attempted Usurper [646-647, Carthage] Gregory [650-652, Ravenna] Olympius [651-652, Armenia] Theodoros Pasagnathes, attempted Usurper [665-666, Carthage] Eleutherios [667-668, Anatolia] Saborios [668-685] Constantine IV [668-669] Mezezius [681-711*] Justinian II Twenty Years' Anarchy [695-698] Leontios [698-705] Tiberius III (Apsimar) [711-713, Army] Philippikos Bardanes [713-715, Opsicians] Anastasios II [715-717, Opsicians] Theodosios III Isaurian dynasty [717-741] Leo III [741-775] Constantine V [742-743] Artabasdos [742-743] Nicephorus, poss. co-Emperor [775-780] Leo IV [780-797] Constantine VI [797-802] Irene of Athens Nikephorian dynasty [802-811] Nikephoros I [811-812] Staurakios, son of Nikephoros I [812-813] Michael I Rangabe [813-820] Leo V [813-820] Constantine (Symbatios), co-Emperor, son of Leo V Amorian dynasty [820-829] Michael II [821-842] Theophilos [842-867] Michael III [842-856, Regent] Theodora, mother of Michael III [862-866, Regent] Bardas, uncle of Michael III Macedonian dynasty [867-886] Basil I [886-912] Leo VI [912-913] Alexander III, son of Basil I [908-959] Constantine VII [920-944] Romanos I [921-931] Christopher I [959-963] Romanos II [963-969] Nikephoros II [969-976] John I [976-1025] Basil II [976-979, Anatolia] Bardas Skleros, rival [1025-1028] Constantine VIII [1028-1050] Zoe [1028-1034] Romanos III, husband of Zoe [1034-1041] Michael IV, husband of Zoe [1041-1042] Michael V, nephew of Michael IV [1042-1056] Theodora, daughter of Constantine VIII [1042-1055] Constantine IX [1056-1057] Michael VI Komnenid-Doukid dynasties; Botaneiates [1057-1059] Isaac I Komnenos [1059-1067] Constantine X Doukas [1067?-1088] John Doukas, Caesar [1067-1078] Michael VII Doukas, son of Constantine X [1068-1071] Romanos IV (Doukas) [1078-1081] Nikephoros III (Botaneiates) [1081-1118] Alexios I Komnenos [1081-1087] Konstantios Doukas, co-Emperor [1092-1143] John II Komnenos [1122-1142] Alexios Komnenos, co-Emperor [1143-1180] Manuel I Komnenos [1180-1183] Alexios II Komnenos [1180-1183, Regent] Marie of Antioch [1183-1185] Andronikos I Komnenos Angelid dynasty [1185-1204*] Isaac II [1195-1203] Alexios III [1203-1204] Alexios IV, son of Isaac II [1204] Alexios V In 1204, Knights returning from the Fourth Crusade took Constantinople and established the Latin Empire. Emperors of the Laskarid dynasty continued to claim the Empire from their base in Nicaea; the Megas Komnene family claimed from Trebizond; another branch of Komnenos and their successors claimed from Epirus. [1204] Constantine XI, son of Manuel Laskaris [1204-1205, Latin] Baldwin I [1204-1222, Trebizond] Alexios I Megas Komnenos [1205-1214, Epirus] Michael I Komnenos Doukas [1205-1222, Nicaea] Theodore I [1206-1216, Latin] Henry, son of Baldwin V of Hainault [1214-1230, Epirus] Theodore Komnenos Doukas [1216-1217, Latin] Peter [1217-1219, Latin] Yolande [1221-1228, Latin] Robert, son of Peter [1222-1254, Nicaea] John III [1222-1235, Trebizond] Andronikos I Gidos, son-in-law of Alexios I [1229-1237, Latin] John [1228-1273*, Latin] Baldwin II, in exile after 1261 [1230-1271, Epirus] Michael II Komnenos Doukas [1235-1238, Trebizond] Ioannis I Megas Komnenos, son of Alexios I [1238-1263, Trebizond] Manuel I Megas Komnenos [1254-1258, Nicaea] Theodore II [1258-1261, Nicaea] John IV, son of Theodore II [1258, Regent] George Mouzalon In 1261 Michael VIII recaptured Constantinople, uniting it with his Empire in Nicaea, thus restoring the Byzantine Empire and founding the Palaiologan dynasty. We also show the "Latin" claimants, though the title carried no power, and, since Trebizond retained its independence, the "Emperors" of that state. [1259-1282] Michael VIII [1261-1328] Andronikos II [1263-1266, Trebizond] Andronikos II Megas Komnenos, son of Manuel I [1266-1280, Trebizond] Georgios Megas Komnenos, son of Manuel I [1271-1297, Epirus] Nikephoros I Komnenos Doukas [1273-1283, Latin in exile] Philip I [1280-1297*, Trebizond] Ioannes II Megas Komnenos [1281-1320] Michael IX [1283-1307, Latin in exile] Catherine I [1284-1285, Trebizond] Theodora Megale Komnene [1297-1318, Epirus] Thomas I Komnenos Doukas, son of Nikephoros I [1297-1330, Trebizond] Alexios II Megas Komnenos [1301-1307, Latin in exile] Charles of Valois [1307-1346, Latin in exile] Catherine II [1313-1332, Latin in exile] Philip II [1316-1341] Andronikos III [1318-1323, Epirus] Nicholas Orsini, son of John (I) Orsini [1323-1335, Epirus] John (II) Orsini [1330-1332, Trebizond] Andronikos III Megas Komnenos, son of Alexios II [1332, Trebizond] Manuel II Megas Komnenos, grandson of Alexios II [1332-1340, Trebizond] Basileios Megas Komnenos [1335-1359*, Epirus] Nikephoros II Orsini, son of John (II) [1340-1341, Trebizond] Eirene Palaiologina [1341-1391*] John V [1341-1354] John VI [1341-1342, Trebizond] Anna Megale Komnene, daughter of Alexios II [1342-1344, Trebizond] Ioannes III Megas Komnenos, grandson of Ioannes II [1341-1349*, Trebizond] Michael Megas Komnenos, son of Ioannes II [1346-1364, Latin in exile] Robert II, son of Philip II [1349-1390, Trebizond] Alexios III Megas Komnenos [1351-1357] Matthew [1352-1379] Andronikos IV [1359-1366, Epirus] Simeon Uros Palaiologos [1364-1373, Latin in exile] Philip III, son of Philip II [1367-1384, Epirus] Thomas II Preljubovic [1373-1383, Latin in exile] James of Baux [1376-1390] John VII [1373-1425] Manuel II [1383-1384, Latin in exile] Louis of Anjou [1383-1387, Latin in exile] John of Artois Neither Louis of Anjou nor John of Artois ever accepted their Imperial title so the "Latin" claim to the Empire disappeared. [1384-1385, Epirus] Maria Angelina Doukaina Palaiologina [1390-1416, Trebizond] Manuel III Megas Komnenos [1385-1411, Epirus] Esau de' Buondelmonti [1403-1407] Andronikos V, son of John VII [1411, Epirus] Giorgio de' Buondelmonti [1411-1429, Epirus] Carlo I Tocco, son of Leonardo (I) TOCCO [1416-1448] John VIII, son of Manuel II [1416-1429, Trebizond] Alexios IV Megas Komnenos [1429-1459, Trebizond] Ioannes IV Megas Komnenos The Ottoman conquest of the Epirus domains began early in the reign of Carlo II, and was essentially complete by 1479. [1429-1448, Epirus] Carlo II Tocco [1448-1479, Epirus] Leonardo (III) Tocco [1449-1453] Constantine XI, son of Manuel II In 1453, Constantinople fell to Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II. (Trebizond fell in 1461.) Over the next several decades, three men claimed the throne from exile. [1453-1460] Demetrios, claimant, son of Manuel II [1453-1465] Thomas, claimant [1459-1461, Trebizond] David Megas Komnenos, son of Alexios IV [1465-1502] Andreas, claimant, son of Thomas
ROMAN EMPIRE --- (see ROME)
ROMANEZ
ROMANI --- (see ROME)
ROMANIA or ROMANIAE or ROUMANIA or RUMANIA or RUMANIEN
ROMANIZ
ROMANO
ROMANOV or ROMANOVA or ROMANOW or ROMANOWA
ROMANOVICH or ROMANOVNA
ROMANOW or ROMANOWA --- (see ROMANOV)
ROMANS --- (see ROME)
ROMANSHORN
ROMARE or ROMARA or ROUMARE or ROUMERE
ROMARIQUES
ROMBERG
ROMBERGER
ROME or ROMAN EMPIRE or ROMANI or ROMANS
ROMEE
ROMELE
ROMELLI or ROMELLY --- (see RUMILLY)
ROMENAL
ROMER
ROMERU --- (see RAMERU)
ROMEU
ROMEYN
ROMFORTH
ROMILLY
ROMMEL
ROMMENY
ROMMERSDORF
ROMMERSWALLE
ROMNAYE
ROMNEY
ROMNITZ
ROMODANOVSKAYA
ROMROD
ROMROI
ROMRUG
ROMSEY
RON
RONAW --- (see ROHNAU)
RONCESVALLES
RONCHEROLLES
RONCHEVILLE
RONDORF
RONGEMANN
RONING
RONNE
RONNEBURG
RONNECK
RONOW or RONOV or RONOVA
RONQUEROLLES
RONSARD
RONSART
RONSBERG
RONSE
RONTON
ROODE
ROODES --- (see RHODES)
ROOKES
ROOKESWOOD
ROOKWOOD
ROOS --- (see ROS)
ROOSA
ROOSENBACH
ROOSEVELT
ROOT or ROOTE
ROOTH
ROOYEN
ROPA
ROPER
ROPESLEY
ROPP
ROPPICHAU
ROPURG
ROQUE
ROQUEBROU
ROQUEFEUIL
ROQUEFORT
ROQUELAURE
ROQUEMAURE
ROREKSON
RORGON
RORIKSDOTTER
RORIKSSON
RORTE
ROSA
ROSALES
ROSCARROCK
ROSCELYN or ROSCELIN or ROSCELINE
ROSCH-SUNNTBERG
ROSDORF
ROSDORP
ROSE
ROSEBERY
ROSEL
ROSELLON --- (see ROUSSILLON)
ROSEN
ROSENAU
ROSENAUW
ROSENBAUM
ROSENBUCHEL
ROSENBURG
ROSENDAL
ROSENEGG
ROSENFELD
ROSENHAGEN
ROSENHARTZ or ROSENHARZ
ROSENHEIM
ROSENKRANTZ
ROSENTHAL or ROZMITAL or ROZMITALU
ROSENVELT
ROSETTI
ROSEWELL
ROSGILL
ROSIERES
ROSIERS
ROSKELYN
ROSLIN --- (see ROSSLYN)
ROSMADEC
ROSMANDEROS
ROSMERIN
ROSNY
ROSNYVINEN
ROSOMONI
ROSOY or ROSROY or ROZOY or ROZOY-CHAUMONT
ROSPIGLIOSI
ROSS or ROSSE
ROSSA
ROSSAITH
ROSSALE
ROSSANA
ROSSANO
ROSSARED
ROSSAU
ROSSDORF
ROSSELER
ROSSELL
ROSSELYN
ROSSEM
ROSSGILL
ROSSI
ROSSIGNOL
ROSSILLON
ROSSILON
ROSSING
ROSSITER
ROSSMANDRESS
ROSSRIETH
ROSSUM
ROST
ROSTAING
ROSTHERNE
ROSTIS
ROSTISLAVICH or ROSTISLAVITCH
ROSTISLAVNA or ROSTISLAVA or ROSTISLAWNA or ROTISLAVNA
ROSTKE
ROSTOCK
ROSTOW or ROSTOV or ROSTOWSKAJA or ROSTOWSKI
ROSTRENEN
ROSTRUP
ROSWAROWICE
ROSYTH
ROTBERG
ROTEN SCHILD --- (see also ROTHSCHILD)
ROTENBURG
ROTENHAN
ROTENHERING or ROTENHERYNG or ROTHENHERING
ROTENSTEIN
ROTER
ROTERMUND
ROTGERSDOTTER
ROTH
ROTHAL --- (see ROTTAL)
ROTHASS
ROTHBACH
ROTHE
ROTHEM
ROTHEN
ROTHENBERG
ROTHENBURG or ROTHENBOURG
ROTHENHERING --- (see ROTENHERING)
ROTHERFIELD
ROTHERWAS
ROTHES
ROTHESAY
ROTHFELSEN
ROTHIEMURCHUS
ROTHKIRCH
ROTHLEBEN
ROTHSCHUTZ
ROTHWELL
ROTISLAVNA --- (see ROSTISLAVNA)
ROTMER or ROTMERS
ROTOMAGE
ROTROU
ROTSCHEN
ROTSELAER or ROTSELAAR
ROTSTOCK
ROTT --- (see ROT)
ROTTAL or ROTHAL
ROTTENBERG
ROTTENBURG
ROTTENEGG
ROTTENHAN
ROTTORF
ROUAULT
ROUBAIX
ROUCESTRE
ROUCLE
ROUCLIFFE
ROUCY or ROUCI
ROUE
ROUEN
ROUERGUE or ROUERGE or ROUERGES or ROUERGUES or ROURGE
ROUET --- (see ROELT)
ROUGE
ROUGEMONT
ROUGHAM
ROUGHEY
ROUHA
ROUHAUT --- (see ROHANT)
ROULIERS
ROULLAYS
ROUMANIA --- (see ROMANIA)
ROUMARA
ROUMARE --- (see ROMARE)
ROUMERE --- (see ROMARE)
ROUNCEREY
ROUNCEY
ROUND
ROUNDY
ROUPONI or RUBENID or RUPENID or RUPENIDEN
ROUPOW --- (see ROUPOVSKY)
ROURGE --- (see ROUERGUE)
ROUS
ROUSCH
ROUSE
ROUSSEL
ROUSSILLON or ROSELLON or ROUSILLION or ROUSILLON or ROUSSILON
ROUSSY
ROUTH
ROUTHE
ROUVEROY or ROUVROY --- (see also ST. SIMON)
ROUVILLE
ROUX
ROUY
ROVER
ROVERE
ROW
ROWALLAN
ROWBURY
ROWDON
ROWE
ROWELL
ROWELLES --- (see ROWLLES)
ROWLAND
ROWLESBY
ROWLETT
ROWLEY
ROWLING
ROWLOWE
ROWNEY
ROWSE
ROWSON
ROXAS --- (see ROJAS)
ROXBURGH or ROXBURGHE
ROXIN
ROXLAWE
ROXTON
ROXTUN
ROY
ROYAL or ROYALL
ROYANS or PONT-EN-ROYANS or ROZONS
ROYCE
ROYCROFT
ROYDEN --- (see also ROYDON)
ROYE
ROYER
ROYERE
ROYNON
ROYRAND
ROYS
ROYSTORP
ROZDALOVIC
ROZEL
ROZEN
ROZGONY or ROZGONYI
ROZMBERKA --- (see ROSENBERG)
ROZMITAL or ROZMITALU --- (see ROSENTHAL)
ROZNOWA
ROZONS --- (see ROYANS)
ROZOY or ROZOY-CHAUMONT --- (see ROSOY)
RSHTOUNI or RSCHTOUNI or RSHTOUNIK or RSTUNI --- (see also ARTSRUNI)
RUA
RUADH
RUBCA
RUBELIN
RUBELLIUS
RUBEMPRE
RUBENACH
RUBENID --- (see ROUPONI)
RUBIN
RUBLE
RUBO
RUCCELLAI
RUCELLAI
RUCHHEUBT or RUCHHOUPT --- (see also RAUCHHAUPT)
RUCHLITZ --- (see ROCHLITZ)
RUCK
RUCKE
RUCKERSDORF
RUCKERSHAUSEN
RUD
RUDA
RUDBECKIUS
RUDD
RUDE
RUDEL
RUDEN
RUDENBERG
RUDENDORF
RUDENOWE
RUDESHEIM
RUDGELEY
RUDHALL
RUDHAM
RUDIGER
RUDIGERI
RUDINGE
RUDNIK
RUDOLFSEGG
RUDOLPH
RUDSTON or RUDSTONE
RUDT
RUEBER
RUEGEN --- (see RUGEN)
RUELAN or RUELLAN
RUELLE
RUES
RUET --- (see ROELT)
RUFA
RUFEY
RUFF
RUFFEY
RUFFIN
RUFFINI
RUFFO
RUFINUS
RUFIUS
RUFO
RUFUS or RUFFUS
RUGALFSSON
RUGELEY
RUGEN or REOGEN or RHUGEN or RUEGEN
RUGGE or RUGG
RUGGLES or RUGGELE
RUGHEIM
RUGHOYBIT --- (see also RAUCHHAUPT)
RUGIJ or RUGIS or RUGLIJ
RUGLEN
RUH
RUHE
RUHEL
RUHN
RUHR
RUIJCHROCK
RUIJSSEN --- (see RUYSSCHEN)
RUINE
RUINEN
RUITENBERGH
RUIZ
RULAND
RULANT
RULICKE
RULLOS --- (see ROLLOS)
RUM
RUMAH
RUMANIA or RUMANIEN --- (see ROMANIA)
RUMBEEK
RUMBYAETTEN or RUMBYATTEN
RUME
RUMELI or RUMELY --- (see RUMILLY)
RUMELIA
RUMENEL
RUMES
RUMESNIL
RUMIGNY or FLORENNES or RUMINGNY
RUMILLY or REMILLY or ROMELLI or ROMELLY or RUMELI or RUMELY
RUMINGNY --- (see RUMIGNY)
RUMMELSBURG
RUMMEN
RUMP
RUMPS or RUMPST
RUMSCHOTTEL
RUMSCHUTTEL
RUMSOHR --- (see RUMOHR)
RUMY
RUNAN
RUNCHAMP
RUNGE
RUNKEL
RUNNER
RUNTENBERG
RUOFF
RUPARIE
RUPE
RUPEN
RUPENID or RUPENIDEN --- (see ROUPONI)
RUPPA
RUPPAU
RUPPERSDORF
RUPPES
RUPPIN --- (see LINDAU)
RURIKIDE or RIURIKOVICH or RURIKID or RURIKOVICH or RURIKOVNA or RURYKOWICZ --- (see also KIEV)
RURIKSSON
RURINGS
RURYKOWICZ --- (see RURIKIDE)
RUS
RUS (Kievan Rus) --- (see KIEV)
RUSCHEPOL
RUSCHPOL
RUSENBACH
RUSH
RUSHALE
RUSHALL
RUSHAM
RUSHBROKE or RUSHBROOK or RUSHBROOKE
RUSHE
RUSHEDALL
RUSHOUT
RUSHTON
RUSHWORTH
RUSKY
RUSO
RUSOR or RUSORY
RUSPOLI
RUSS
RUSSAL
RUSSBART
RUSSEL
RUSSELL
RUSSELPAFFE
RUSSIA, Rulers of (chronological)
* We make no attempt to detail complicated Russian history or to list competing princes. We just strive to show sovereigns in Novgorod, Kiev, Vladimir and Moscow, and a few of the most famous other princes. Even as is, there are many shown without pedigree (help, please) and doubtless errors in some of the pedigrees shown. * We ignore rule by Asiatics, Lithuanians, Republics and Soviets. * The symbol ( * ) before the realm means the Czar is omitted from many regnal lists. The symbol ( * ) after the regnal dates means the reign was interrupted and did not include the entire period between first and last regnal years.
NORSE Ruthenia, before Rurik[Ladoga, 600+ - ?] Svaflami (possibly legendary) [Ladoga, ? - 647?] Ivar Wide-fathom [Ladoga, ca 660 - ?] Harald Hildetand [Slovenich Novgorod, ca 660] Sloven [Ladoga, ? - 719?] Radbard [Slovenich Novgorod, ?-ca 725] Ivar `the Glorious' [Slovenich Novgorod, ca 725-?] Vandal [Slovenich Novgorod, ca 750?] Burivoy [Gardarike, ca 750-ca 770] Aldeigja [Novgorod, ca 770?] Randver [Gardarike, ca 775-ca 800] Bravlin [Novgorod, ca 800?] Ratibor [Gardarike, ca 810-838?] Dir Bjorn [Novgorod, ?-859] Gostomysl the Reasonable [Novgorod, 859-872*] Vadim I the Brave [Khaganate of Rus, 838?-862?] Xan-Tuvan Dyggvi, poss. descendant of T'ung Yabghu Ziebal of the Khazars
RURIKID Ruthenia[Novgorod, ca 860-880*] Riurik [Kievan Rus, 879-945*] Igor I * Kievan Rus was ruled by Swedish intruders ca 864 - ca 882 [Swedish Kiev, ca 864-882] Askold of Sweden [Swedish Kiev, 882?] Dir * The Swedes were defeated by Oleg, who moved the Rurikid capital to Kiev. Oleg ruled as Regent for the boy-King Igor I. [Novgorod, then Kiev, 882-912] Oleg I `the Seer' of Denmark [Kiev, 912-945] Igor I (see above) [Regent, 945-962] Olga [Kievan Rus, 962-972] Sviatoslav I [Kievan Rus, 972-980] Yaropolk I [Kievan Rus, 980-1015] Vladimir I [Kievan Rus, 1015-1019] Sviatopolk I, son of Vladimir I [Kiev & Novgorad, 1019-1054] Yaroslav I [Kievan Rus, 1024-1036?] Mstislav I the Brave, son of Vladimir I [Kievan Rus, 1054-1078*] Iziaslav I [Kievan Rus, 1068-1069] Vseslav [Kievan Rus, 1073-1076] Sviatoslav II [Kievan Rus, 1078-1093] Vsevolod I [Kievan Rus, 1093-1113] Sviatopolk II [Kievan Rus, 1113-1125] Vladimir II `Monomakh' [Kievan Rus, 1125-1132] Mstislav I * After Mstislav I, several principalities competed for dominance of Kievan Rus. [Kievan Rus, 1132-1139] Yaropolk II, son of Vladimir II [Kievan Rus, 1139, 1151-1154] Vyacheslav son of Vladimir II [Kievan Rus, 1146] Igor II, son of Oleg Mikhail [Kiev, 1146-1154*] Iziaslav II [Kiev & Moscow, 1149-1157*] Yuri (I) Dolgoruky, founded Moscow [Kiev, 1154-1167*] Rostislav I [Kiev, 1155-1162*] Iziaslav III, son of David of Chernigov [Kiev, 1167-1169] Mstislav II [Berestye, 1167] Basil I [Suzdal-Vladimir, 1168-1174] Andrei Bogolyubsky [Kiev, 1169-1171*] Gleb, son of Yuri (I) Dolgoruky [*Kiev, 1171] Vladimir II Mstislavich, son of Mystislaw I [Kiev, 1171] Mikhalko, son of Yuri (I) Dolgoruky [Kiev, 1171-1177*] Roman [Kiev, 1172-1211*] Rurik II (Rostislavich) [Kiev, 1173] Vsevolod III [Kiev, 1173-1194*] Sviatoslav III [Kiev, 1174-1180*] Yaroslav II [Vladimir, 1174-1176*] Michael I, is he same as Mikhalko above?? [Vladimir, 1175] Mstislav IV [*Vladimir, 1175] Yaropolk [Vladimir, 1176-1212] Vsevolod III [Galicia, 1199-1205] Roman II [Kiev, 1202-1214*] Ingvar of Dorogobug, son of Yaroslav II [Kiev, 1204-1206] Rostislav II, son of Rurik II [Galicia, 1205-1264] Daniel [Kiev, 1206-1212*] Vsevolod III/IV [Vladimir, 1212-1238*] Yuri (George) II the Saint, son of Vsevolod III [Kiev, 1214-1223] Mstislav III [Vladimir, 1216-1218] Konstantin I [Kiev, 1223-1235] Vladimir III, son of Rurik II [Kiev, 1235-1236] Iziaslav IV, son of Vladimir Igorevich [Kiev, 1236-1238] Yaroslav III, poss. son of Roman, son of Gleb of Ryazan [Vladimir, 1238-1246] Yaroslav II [Kiev, 1238-1239] Mikhail [Kiev, 1239] Rostislav III [Kiev, 1239-1240] Danylo * In 1240, Kievan Rus was conquered by the Mongol empire. [Vladimir, 1246-1249] Svyatoslav III, son of Vsevolod III [Moscow, 1247-1248] Michael II Khorobrit `the Brave' [Moscow, Gorodets-Radilov, 1249-1252] Andrei II [Kiev, 1249 & Moscow, 1252-1263] Alexander Nevsky [Galicia, 1264-1301] Lev I [Moscow, 1264-1271 & Kiev, 1271] Yaroslav III/IV [Moscow, 1272-1277] Vassili, son of Alexander Nevski [Moscow, 1277-1281] Dimitri I, son of Alexander Nevski [Moscow, 1281-1283] Andrei III, son of Alexander Nevski [Moscow & Vladimir, 1283-1303] Daniel [Galicia, 1301-1308] Yuri I [Moscow, 1303-1325] Yuri III (aka George I Red-Hair), son of Daniel [Tver & Vladimir, 1304-1318] Michael III the Saint [Tver & Vladimir, 1322-1326] Demetrius II `the Menacing Eyes', son of Michael III the Saint [Moscow, 1325-1341] Ivan I [Moscow, 1341-1353] Semeon the Proud, son of Ivan I [Moscow, 1353-1359] Ivan II [Dmitrov, Moscow, 1359-1389] Dmitri Donskoi [Suzdal, Vladimir, 1360-1362] Demetrius III [Kiev, 1362-?] held by Lithuania under Algirdas Jagellon [Tver, Vladimir, 1371-1375] Michael IV, son of Alexander II [Moscow, 1389-1425] Vasili I [Moscow, 1425-1462] Vasili II [*Moscow, 1432-1434*] Yuri IV [?, 1434] Basil V Squint-Eye [Galitzia, 1446-1447] Demetrius V Shemyaka [Moscow, Russia, 1462-1505] Ivan III the Great [?, 1498-1502] Demetrius VI the Grandson [Moscow, Russia, 1505-1533] Vasili III [Russia, 1533-1547] Ivan IV the Terrible, aka John IV the Awesome * From 1547, Ivan IV and his successors were known as Tsars of Russia.
Tsardom of Russia
RURIKOVICH[Russia, 1547-1584] Ivan IV `the Terrible' * Simeon following was a fake tsar appointed by Ivan the Terrible. [Russia, 1574-1576] Simeon Bekbulatovich, aka Semyon II Bek-Bulatovich; Khan of Kasimov Tatars, descendant of Genghis Khan. [Russia, 1584-1598] Feodor I
GODUNOV[*Russia, 1598] Irina [Russia, 1598-1605] Boris Feodorovich Godunov [Russia, 1605] Feodor II, son of Boris Godunov
``Time of Troubles''[Russia, 1605-1606] False Dmitri I, poss. son of Ivan the Terrible, or poss. the imposter Grigory Otrepyev [Russia, 1606-1610] Vasily (IV) Vasilievich Shuisky [Russia, 1608-1610?] False Dmitri II, `the Brigand of Tushino'
VASAThe Poles invaded; their King's son was made sovereign of Russia. [Russia, 1609-1613] Wladyslaw Vasa of Poland
ROMANOVThe following Tsar was elected, founding the Romanov Dynasty [Russia, 1613-1645] Michael I [Russia, 1645-1676] Aleksey I [Russia, 1676-1682] Feodor III, son of Aleksey I [co-ruler, 1682-1696] Ivan V The following Tsar was co-ruler until 1696; proclaimed himself and his heirs ``Emperor'' in 1721. [Russia, 1682-1725] Peter I (the Great) [Russia, 1725-1727] Catherine I [Russia, 1727-1730] Peter II [Russia, 1730-1740] Anne, daughter of Ivan V The next Tsar was a Welfing. [Russia, 1740-1741] Ivan VI [Russia, 1741-1762] Elizabeth, daughter of Peter the Great
OLDENBURG (Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp)[Russia, 1762] Peter III The next Tsarina was an agnatic descendent of Eriscot Anhalt of Swabia (999?-1060). [Russia, 1762-1796] Catherine II (the Great)
OLDENBURG, but took the surname ``ROMANOV''[Russia, 1796-1801] Paul I [Russia, 1801-1825] Alexander I, son of Paul I [Russia, 1825-1855] Nicholas I [Russia, 1855-1881] Alexander II [Russia, 1881-1894] Alexander III [Russia, 1894-1917] Nicholas II [1917, very briefly] Michael, son of Alexander III [in-exile, 1924-1938] Cyril (Kyrill)
RUSSIA or RUSSIAS or RUSSLAND or RUTHENIA or RYSSLAND
RUSSOCKI or RUSSOCKA
RUSSWURM
RUST
RUSTE
RUSTICUCCI
RUSTRINGEN
RUTANT
RUTENBERG or RUTENBERGE or RUTENBORGH
RUTGERS
RUTGHERS
RUTGHERSZOON
RUTHALL
RUTHENBERG
RUTHENES or RUTHENIE
RUTHENIA --- (see also RUSSIA)
RUTHENUS
RUTHERFORD or RUTHERFURD
RUTHVEN
RUTHYN --- (see RUTHIN)
RUTI
RUTLAND
RUTULIANS
RUVIGNY
RUWEEL
RUWIEL
RUXLEBEN
RUYNE
RUYTENBERG
RUYTENBORCH
RUZBIHAN
RUZUNNE
RYAL
RYAZAN --- (see RJASAN)
RYBINSKA
RYBNICZ --- (see also REIBNITZ)
RYCOTE
RYDBOHOLM
RYDER --- (see also RYTHER)
RYDWARE --- (see RIDWARE)
RYE or RYES --- (see RIE)
RYEHILL
RYKE
RYLAND
RYLESTONE --- (see also ROLLESTON)
RYM
RYME
RYMER
RYNGEWOOD
RYSE
RYSINSKA
RYSOME
RYSSE
RYSSEL
RYSSLAND --- (see also RUSSIA)
RYURIKOVNA --- (see also KIEV)
RYVERS --- (see RIVERS)
RYVES
RYVETT
RYZEMBERKA or RYZMBERKA or RYZMBURKA --- (see RIESENBURG)
RZEHNICZ or RZCHNICZ --- (see also VANCZURA)
RZEHNITZ
RZHEVSKAYA
RZICZAN or RZICZANSKY